Martin Luther King jnr. PHOTO | AFP
WASHINGTON
Towards the end of his life, Martin Luther King Jr. lamented that his dream had "turned into a nightmare."
The
US civil rights leader was a weary man when he was cut down by an
assassin's bullet at the age of 39 on the balcony of a motel in Memphis,
Tennessee on April 4, 1968.
He was
also a controversial man — unlike the iconic figure celebrated today
with a national holiday and an imposing granite memorial in Washington.
"He's
become frozen in time — not as the man he was in 1968, but in the image
of August 1963 when he gives the 'I Have a Dream' speech," said David
Farber, a history professor at the University of Kansas.
"It's easy for Americans to forget how polarizing a figure King actually was in the 1960s," Farber said.
"He'd become a really radical figure in the
United States — an outspoken opponent of American foreign policy,
demanding that justice extend not just to African-Americans but to all
poor Americans."
A seminal moment
came in April 1967, when King made a speech in New York opposing the war
in Vietnam, where more than 11,000 US troops were to die that year.
CIVIL RIGHTS
"King
raised the ire of the entire civil rights movement and of government
and much of the political structure when he came out against the Vietnam
War," said Henry Louis Taylor Jr., director of the Center for Urban
Studies at the University of Buffalo.
David
Garrow, author of "Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr., and the
Southern Christian Leadership Conference," said opposition to the war
was seen as "fringe" at the time, and anti-war sentiment was "not widely
popular like it is, say, come 1972."
At
the time of his murder by James Earl Ray, a white drifter with racist
leanings, King had also been living for years under the constant
surveillance of the FBI, which had dubbed him the "most dangerous" man
in America.
NON-VIOLENCE
And
his unwavering defense of non-violence as the way to bring about change
was facing a challenge from a younger, impatient generation of militant
black youth.
"The final 12 months of
his life, King is so exhausted, so pessimistic about the future, so
depressed," Garrow said. "A dozen or more times in his final two years,
he says 'The dream I had in Washington in 1963 has turned into a
nightmare.'"
"One of the things we
miss about King is how hard it was to do the work he's doing, the toll
it takes," said Jeanne Theoharis, a political science professor at
CUNY's Brooklyn College.
"How much
hate, how much opposition he's facing, and how some of that is in the
form of horrible violence," said Theoharis, author of "A More Beautiful
and Terrible History: The Uses and Misuses of Civil Rights History."
Fifty
years after his death, the vision of racial equality that King outlined
on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial remains elusive.
EQUALITY
Jason
Sokol, a history professor at the University of New Hampshire, said
there have been some advances for African-Americans over the years,
culminating in the 2008 election of Barack Obama, American's first black
president.
But racial inequalities
persist, "especially when you look at black poverty, the black
incarceration rate and the issue of police brutality," said Sokol,
author of "The Heavens Might Crack: The Death and Legacy of Martin
Luther King Jr."
Taylor, the
University of Buffalo professor, stressed that by the time of his death,
King's ambitions had gone "beyond civil rights to embrace human
rights."
"King's
dream was anchored around imagining another possible world based on
economic, social, political and racial justice — things related to a
good education, decent and affordable housing, good jobs with a living
wage, quality and accessible health care," he said.
RACIAL ATTITUDES
"So
when we add flesh to King's dream, we realize that we haven't really
made much progress over the last 50 years in the realisation of that
dream," he said.
"While certainly
there have been changes in the racial attitudes of individuals, the
racism that is embedded in institutions and in structures in the United
States has not changed much at all."
At the same time, King's legacy looms large in myriad ways.
"King
said in his Nobel Prize lecture in 1964 that the Freedom Movement was
spreading the widest liberation in human history," said Taylor Branch,
author of "America in the King Years," a trilogy about King's life and
the civil rights era.
"He
was referring to worldwide and not just for black people," said Branch,
an executive producer of the documentary "King in the Wilderness" which
airs on HBO on Monday.
"In many respects it has succeeded beyond his imagination," Branch said.
CRIMINAL
"I
don't think — at a time when homosexual behaviour was not talked about
but was even criminal — he would have dreamed we would have marriage
equality," Branch said. "Or a black president. Or all the gains that
have been accrued for women."
King's
legacy can also be seen in the Black Lives Matter campaign against
police violence and other movements for social justice, Taylor said.
"Most
recently you saw it in the 'March for Our Lives' in which millions of
kids all over the country took to the streets," he said.
"I'm
extremely optimistic that out there we're seeing a new generation of
folks in this country who are resurrecting the notion of King's dream,"
he said.
One of those kids at the
March for Our Lives was King's nine-year-old granddaughter Yolanda
Renee, who galvanized the crowd by recalling his most famous words.
"I have a dream that enough is enough," she said. "And that this should be a gun-free world, period."
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