The risk of dying prematurely more than doubles for single
fathers compared to single mothers or paired-up dads, according to a
study of Canadian families published Thursday.
"Our
research highlights that single fathers have higher mortality, and
demonstrates the need for public health policies to help identify and
support these men," said lead author Maria Chiu, a scientist at the
University of Toronto.
The findings, published in The Lancet Public Health, may apply to wealthy nations with similar ratios of single-parent families to Canada, the researchers said.
Chiu
and colleagues tracked nearly 40,500 people across Canada over 11
years. The subjects — who included 4,590 single moms and 871 single dads
— were, on average, in their early 40s when study began.
Nearly 700 died by the end of the monitoring period.
Compared to partnered fathers or single moms, the death rate was three times higher among single fathers.
Mortality risk
Factoring
in that solo dads tended to be older, had higher cancer rates, and were
more prone to heart disease, the researchers concluded their mortality
risk was still twice as high.
Likely culprits include poor lifestyle choices and stress, Chiu said.
"We
did find that single fathers tended to have unhealthier lifestyles,"
which could include poor diet, lack of exercise, or excessive drinking,
she said.
Men parenting on their own were more likely
to be separated, divorced or widowed than single mothers — a larger
proportion of whom raise babies conceived outside of a relationship, the
team found.
Having experienced a breakup is a risk factor for mental ill health.
"These
results show that single fathers might be a particularly vulnerable
group," Rachel Simpson, an epidemiologist at the University of Oxford,
commented in the same journal.
Making matters worse, a
2016 study showed that go-it-alone dads — even if they acknowledge
being in poor shape, physically and mentally — are less likely to seek
professional help than women.
Trend
Single-parent households have become more common across the developed world in recent decades.
In
the United States, for example, the percentage of children living with
single mothers nearly tripled from eight per cent in 1960 to 23 per cent
in 2016, according to the US Census.
The percentage living with single fathers increased from one to four over the same period.
In Europe, Denmark tops the list of single-parent households which make up 30 per cent of the total.
Of those, 23 per cent are headed by women and seven per cent by men, according to the OECD rich country grouping.
The
corresponding percentages are 19 and four for France; 14 and five for
Sweden, 17 and two for Germany; 16 and three for Canada.
Single-parenthood
Rates
of single-parenthood are even higher in many low-income nations,
especially in Africa, according to Joseph Chamie, former director of the
UN Population Division.
Close to 40 per cent of
children in South Africa, for example, have their mother as the sole
parent, and four per cent have only a dad.
Other
countries with a large share of single-parent households include
Mozambique (36 per cent), Dominican Republic (35 per cent), Liberia (31
per cent), and Kenya (30 per cent), he noted in a 2016 report.
"Of the world's 2.3 billion children, 14 per cent — or 320 million — are living in a single-parent household," he calculated.
In at least two categories, single fathers hold a slight edge over solo moms.
Researchers
at the University of Illinois found that moms on their own make about
two-thirds of what their male counterparts earn.
And a study in South Korea, published in PLOS ONE, showed single mothers were three times more likely to become alcohol dependent.
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